Methamphetamine is a controlled substance in Canada, and activities such as sale, possession or production are illegal, unless authorized for medical, scientific or industrial purposes. Methamphetamine is classified under Schedule I of the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act (CDSA), and as of 2005, all forms of methamphetamine were moved to Schedule I, aligning its legal status and penalties with those for cocaine and heroin. Possession of methamphetamine, amphetamine, cocaine and heroin is a prosecutable crime under the CDSA and carries a maximum prison sentence of seven years. If treated as a summary conviction, a first offence for possession of methamphetamine can result in a maximum fine of $1,000 or imprisonment for up to six months, while subsequent offences can lead to a maximum fine of $2,000 and up to one year in prison. The severity of legal consequences can vary significantly based on whether the Crown proceeds by summary conviction or indictable offence, with indictable offences carrying more severe penalties and different legal procedures. Trafficking in these drugs carries a minimum sentence of two years and a maximum of life imprisonment. Adults may have a combined total of 2.5 grams of opioids, cocaine, methamphetamine and MDMA; however, this exemption applies only in British Columbia until January 31, 2026. Outside of BC, possession of any amount remains a criminal offense subject to arrest and prosecution. In decriminalized regions like BC, police may direct individuals found in possession of small amounts to voluntary health and social support services.
An increase in the use of crystalline methamphetamine (“crystalline methamphetamine”) has been observed in North America and international jurisdictions, including a notable increase in the presence of methamphetamine in deaths due to illicit drug toxicity in British Columbia (British Columbia), Canada. Methamphetamine overdoses can result in exaggerated mental and physical effects, convulsions, and even death from heart or lung complications. A two-stage convenience sampling approach was used to identify participating sites for a cross-sectional survey and urine toxicological test to report the prevalence, correlations, and validity of self-reported use of crystalline methamphetamine among clients at harm reduction sites in British Columbia. The results showed that those who used crystalline methamphetamine were relatively younger than those who didn’t (P). The majority of participants who reported using crystalline methamphetamine also reported using opioids in the past three days; opioid use was significantly higher among those who used crystalline methamphetamine compared to the rest of the participants (67.7% versus).
The study provides three important insights. First, it provides a comprehensive, contemporary and more generalizable estimate of crystalline methamphetamine use in British Columbia, based on previous work that has focused on young people and urban populations. Second, it provides evidence on usage patterns among all clients of harm reduction services, not limited to those who use opioids. Third, it reports on the accuracy of the self-reported use of crystalline methamphetamine, which may be useful for doctors and patients when providing health services.
Methamphetamine users may engage in extended, multi-day binges, consuming large amounts of the drug, which leads to intense euphoria, severe crashes, and long-term neurological consequences. Short-term effects of methamphetamine can last from 8 to 24 hours and include euphoria, anxiety, impaired mental performance, and decreased appetite. Withdrawal symptoms can include intense cravings, depression, anxiety, and may result in unstable behavior or potential self-harm.
It is necessary to invest in harm reduction services and health services for the prevention and management of harm that may result from the use of crystalline methamphetamine, in addition to prospective epidemiological research to better understand consumption patterns, dependence and social and health outcomes. Methamphetamine is a neurotoxin that damages brain tissue, leading to long-term cognitive and psychological problems, including paranoia and violent behaviour. Long-term methamphetamine use can also result in cardiovascular complications, mood changes, and cognitive impairments. The authors wish to express our gratitude to the participants, the staff of the harm reduction site and the regional harm reduction coordinators for participating in the study and for their tireless efforts at the forefront of community harm reduction work. In conclusion, crystalline methamphetamine is an illegal drug in Canada with serious consequences for possession or trafficking. A conviction for methamphetamine possession results in a permanent criminal record, impacting employment, travel, and housing opportunities. Driving under the influence of methamphetamine is a criminal offense and can result in severe charges. Unauthorized possession of precursor chemicals like ephedrine is a criminal offense in Canada, with penalties of up to 10 years' imprisonment. Methamphetamine is inexpensive to produce due to its low cost and the availability of precursor chemicals, making it accessible to users.
It is also the most commonly used drug among harm reduction clients in British Columbia and its use has increased over time. Its use is very common among the homeless and is often closely related to opioid use, increasing the risk of overdose and other sequelae associated with multiple substance use. Other substances such as alcohol, cannabis, marijuana, and ecstasy are also commonly used among users, each with their own legal status, risks, and prevalence. Alcohol is widely used recreationally but can be dangerous when misused or combined with other substances. Cannabis and marijuana have varying legal statuses and are frequently seized by law enforcement, while ecstasy (MDMA) is often associated with rave culture and may be adulterated with methamphetamine.
If a person is experiencing a methamphetamine overdose, it is important to call 9-1-1 or the local emergency number immediately. Legal protection is provided under the Good Samaritan Drug Overdose Act for those seeking help during an overdose emergency.
Historically, methamphetamine was first synthesized in Japan in 1893, while amphetamine production dates back to 1867. Amphetamines were prescribed for various medical conditions in the 1930s and were used by military personnel during World War II. Following WWII, an epidemic of amphetamine use occurred in Japan, leading to a rise in illicit methamphetamine production. By the 1960s, intravenous methamphetamine became increasingly available, resulting in severe restrictions on licit methamphetamine. Methamphetamine was moved to Schedule I of the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act in Canada in 2005 due to growing concerns about its use.
It is essential to invest in harm reduction services and health services for prevention and management of harms associated with crystal meth use.
Health Canada and Drug Regulation
Health Canada is at the forefront of regulating controlled and illegal drugs in Canada, including crystal meth, under the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act (CDSA). The federal minister of health is tasked with overseeing the list of controlled substances, which encompasses methamphetamine, cocaine, heroin, and a range of other illicit drugs. This regulatory framework is designed to safeguard public health and safety by strictly controlling the production, distribution, and possession of these dangerous substances.
Crystal meth is classified as a controlled drug, and its possession, production, or distribution without proper authorization is a serious criminal offence. The legal consequences are severe: individuals found in possession of crystal meth can face a maximum penalty of up to seven years in prison, while those involved in trafficking or production risk life imprisonment. The CDSA also extends its reach to the regulation of precursor chemicals—such as ephedrine and pseudoephedrine—which are commonly used in the illicit manufacture of methamphetamine. Health Canada works closely with law enforcement agencies to monitor and prevent the diversion of these chemicals into illegal drug production.
Beyond enforcement, Health Canada provides guidance on the safe use of prescription amphetamines and educates the public about the risks associated with non-medical use of controlled substances. The department highlights the significant long-term effects of methamphetamine use, including psychological dependence, depression, paranoia, and other mental health challenges. These risks underscore the importance of seeking professional treatment and support for substance use disorders.
In response to the growing issue of methamphetamine use, particularly in regions like British Columbia, Health Canada has launched public awareness campaigns and supports a variety of treatment and harm reduction programs. The department collaborates with local health authorities to monitor overdose incidents and offers resources such as naloxone distribution and harm reduction strategies to mitigate the harms associated with illicit drug use.
Through these combined efforts, Health Canada plays a pivotal role in regulating controlled substances, supporting law enforcement, and promoting public health initiatives aimed at reducing the harms of addiction. By working in partnership with healthcare providers, community organizations, and government agencies, Health Canada strives to protect Canadians from the dangers of crystal meth and other illegal drugs, while supporting those affected by substance use and addiction.
